Harlow’s Pit Of Despair - Get Instant Homework | Assignment Help

You have a 6-7 page paper to write on a scandal or controversy in psychology. As George Santayana wrote, “Those, who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” This paper gives you a chance to learn more about psychology’s less-than-glorious past, particularly as a way (hopefully) to refrain from being condemned. A crucial aspect of your paper is this: how does this scandal or controversy affect psychology today? Think about social perceptions, policy decisions, ethics responses, and current responses by profession. The purpose of this assignment is to analyze instances where psychology has not lived up to its principles.

the topic is Harlow’s pit of despair

this paper needs to be in APA format

it needs to involve “I” because you are showing your voice on how you feel about the experiment (ex: I feel like this experiment plays)

You can include as many articles as you want. it needs to be in a time new roman 12 front double page.

https://www.verywellmind.com/harry-harlow-biography-1905-1981-2795510

Harlow, H., Dodsworth, R., & Harlow, M. (1965). Total Social Isolation in Monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 54(1), 90-97. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/72996

https://www-jstor-org.proxy.library.csi.cuny.edu/stable/pdf/72996.pdf?ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SYC-4631%2Fcontrol&refreqid=search%3A1af9da7cbe0b9d3a32c8d16e3f4bb4ea

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC285801/pdf/pnas00159-0105.pdf

Harlow, H. F. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13(12), 673–685. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047884

https://www3.canyons.edu/faculty/rafterm/0%200LLI%20LOVEandLOSS/Day%20Files/Day%201%20Files/1958%20-%20The%20Nature%20of%20Love%20-%20Harlow.pdf

Harlow, H. F., & Suomi, S. J. (1970). Nature of love: Simplified. American Psychologist, 25(2), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029383 it’s due at 1300 on 10/14/19
NATURE OF LOVE—SIMPLIFIED *

HARRY F. HARLOW AND STEPHEN J. SUOMI

University of Wisconsin

THE cloth surrogate and its wire surrogatesibling (see Figure 1) entered into scientifichistory as of 1958 (Harlow, 19S8). The cloth surrogate was originally designed to test the relative importance of body contact in contrast to activities associated with the breast, and the results were clear beyond all expectation. Body contact was of overpowering importance by any measure taken, even contact time, as shown in Figure 2.

However, the cloth surrogate, beyond its power to measure the relative importance of a host of variables determining infant affection for the mother, exhibited another surprising trait, one of great independent usefulness. Even though the cloth mother was inanimate, it was able to impart to its infant such emotional security that the infant would, in the surrogate’s presence, explore a strange situation and manipulate available physical objects (see Figure 3), or animate objects (see Figure 4). Manipulation of animate objects leads to play if these animate objects are age-mates, and play is the variable of primary importance in the develop- ment of normal social, sexual, and maternal func- tions, as described by Harlow and Harlow (1965). It is obvious that surrogate mothers, which are more docile and manipulative than real monkey mothers, have a wide range of experimental uses.

SIMPLIFIED SURROGATE

Although the original surrogates turned out to be incredibly efficient dummy mothers, they pre- sented certain practical problems. The worst of the problems was that of cleanliness. Infant monkeys seldom soil their real mothers’ bodies, though we do not know how this is achieved. However, in- fant monkeys soiled the bodies of the original cloth surrogates with such efficiency and enthusiasm as to present a health problem and, even worse, a

1 This research was supported by United States Public Health Service Grants MH-11894 and FR-0167 from the National Institutes of Health to the University of Wis- consin Primate Laboratory and Regional Primate Re- search Center, respectively.

Requests for reprints should be sent to Harry F. Harlow, Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wiscon- sin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

financial problem resulting from laundering. Fur- thermore, we believed that the original cloth sur- rogate was too steeply angled and thereby rela- tively inaccessible for cuddly clinging by the neonatal monkey.

In the hope of alleviating practical problems in- herent in the original cloth surrogate, we con- structed a family of simplified surrogates. The simplified surrogate is mounted on a rod attached to a lead base 4 inches in diameter, angled upward at 25°, and projected through the surrogate’s body for 4 inches, so that heads may be attached if desired. The body of the simplified surrogate is only 6 inches long, 2| inches in diameter, and stands approximately 3 inches off the ground. Figure 5 shows an original cloth surrogate and simplified surrogate placed side by side.

As can be seen in Figure 6, infants readily cling to these simplified surrogates of smaller body and decreased angle of inclination. Infant monkeys do soil the simplified surrogate, but the art and act of soiling is very greatly reduced. Terry cloth slip- covers can be made easily and relatively cheaply, alleviating, if not eliminating, laundry problems. Thus, the simplified surrogate is a far more practical dummy mother than the original cloth surrogate.

SURROGATE VARIABLES Lactation

Although the original surrogate papers (Harlow, 1958; Harlow & Zimmermann, 1959) were written as if activities associated with the breast, par- ticularly nursing, were of no importance, this is doubtlessly incorrect. There were no statistically significant differences in time spent by the babies on the lactating versus nonlactating cloth surrogates and on the lactating versus nonlactating wire sur- rogates, but the fact is that there were consistent preferences for both the cloth and the wire lactating surrogates and that these tendencies held for both the situations of time on surrogate and frequency of surrogate preference when the infant was ex- posed to a fear stimulus. Thus, if one can accept a statistically insignificant level of confidence, con- sistently obtained from four situations, one will

161

162 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST

Fio. 1. Cloth and wire surrogate mothers.

properly conclude that nursing is a minor variable but one of more than measurable importance operating to bind the infant to the mother.

To demonstrate experimentally that activities as- sociated with the breasts were variables of signifi- cant importance, we built two sets of differentially colored surrogates, tan and light blue; and using a 2 X 2 Latin square design, we arranged a situa- tion such that the surrogate of one color lactated and the other did not. As can be seen in Figure 7, the infants showed a consistent preference for the lactating surrogate when contact comfort was held constant. The importance of the lactational vari- able probably decreases with time. But at least

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CLOTH FED • CLOTH MOTHER

•—•WIRE MOTHER

WIRE FED o – 0 CLOTH MOTHER 0—0 WIRE MOTHER

23 85 105 MEAN AGE

125 145 165

FIG. 2. Contact time to cloth and wire surrogate.

we had established the hard fact that hope springs eternal in the human breast and even longer in the breast, undressed.

Facial Variables

In the original surrogates we created an orna- mental face for the cloth surrogate and a simple dog face for the wire surrogate. I was working with few available infants and against time to prepare a presidential address for the 1958 Amer- ican Psychological Association Convention. On the basis of sheer intuition, I was convinced that the ornamental cloth-surrogate face would become a stronger fear stimulus than the dog face when fear of the unfamiliar matured in the monkeys from about 70 to 110 days (Harlow & Zimmermann, 1959; Sackett, 1966). But since we wanted each surrogate to have an identifiable face and had few infants, we made no effort to balance faces by resorting to a feebleminded 2 X 2 Latin square design.

Subsequently, we have run two brief unpublished experiments. We tested four rhesus infants un- familiar with surrogate faces at approximately 100 days of age and found that the ornamental face was a much stronger fear stimulus than the dog

NATURE OF LOVE—SIMPLIFIED 163

FIG. 3. Infant monkey security in presence of cloth surrogate.

FIG. 4. Infant play in presence of surrogate. FIG. S. Original surrogate and simplified surrogate.

164 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST

FIG. 6. Infant clinging to simplified surrogate.

face. Clearly, the early enormous preference for the cloth surrogate over the wire surrogate was not a function of the differential faces. Later, we raised two infants on cloth and two on wire sur- rogates, counterbalancing the ornamental and dog faces. Here, the kind of face was a nonexistent variable. To a baby all maternal faces are beauti- ful. A mother's face that will stop a clock will not stop an infant.

The first surrogate mother we constructed came a little late, or phrasing it another way, her baby came a little early. Possibly her baby was illegiti- mate. Certainly it was her first baby. In despera- tion we gave the mother a face that was nothing but a round wooden ball, which displayed no trace of shame. To the baby monkey this featureless

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• • FEEDING MOTHER o—o NON-FEEDING MOTHER

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10 30 50 70 90 110 DAY OF AGE

FIG. 7. Infant preference for lactating cloth surrogate.

face became beautiful, and she frequently caressed it with hands and legs, beginning around 30-40 days of age. By the time the baby had reached 90 days of age we had constructed an appropriate ornamental cloth-mother face, and we proudly mounted it on the surrogate's body. The baby took one look and screamed. She fled to the back of the cage and cringed in autistic-type posturing. After some…